Famous Events, Birthdays, and Inventions in July

With both the first-ever U.S. patent and the first numbered patent issued in the month of July, the seventh month of the Gregorian calendar is full of historically significant inventions, patents, trademarks, and copyrights as well as a handful of famous birthdays and events. From the trademark registration of Silly Putty to Model T inventor Henry Fords birthday, find out what historical events took place on this day in the month of July. July Inventions, Trademarks, and Patents More than seven million patents have been registered out of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) since the Patent Act of 1836 was passed on July 20 of that year (Patent X1). However, there were a great many that were registered even before that, starting with the patent issued to Samuel Hopkins on July 31, 1790, for a method of producing pot and pearl ash. July 1 1952 - The trademark for  Silly Putty was officially registered, though originally filed on March 31, 1950. A trademark protects words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that distinguish goods and services. The roar of the MGM lion and the shape of a Coca-Cola bottle are also trademarked. July 2 1907 - Emil Haefely obtained a patent for a machine that wraps electrical conductors in insulating tubes. This method is still used for a large number of electronic devices today. July 3 1979 - The phrase Radio City Music Hall was trademark registered. July 4 1933 -  William Coolidge obtained a patent for the X-ray tube, popularly called the Coolidge tube. July 5 1988 - The Bugs Bunny phrase Whats Up, Doc? was trademark registered. July 6 1904 - Patent #764,166 was granted to Albert Gonzales for a railway switch thats still used today on railroads across America. July 7 1989 - Warner Brothers copyright registered Batman, a movie based on a popular cartoon character. July 8 1873 - Anna Nichols became the first female patent examiner. July 9 1968 - US patent #3,392,261 for the Portable Beam Generator, also known as a hand-held laser ray gun, was granted to inventor  Frederick R. Schellhammer. July 10 1847 - The rotary printing press was patented by Richard Hoe. July 11 1893 - Hoods  Sarsaparilla CIH CO Compound Extract was trademark registered, which was used as a medicine to purify the blood and treat heart disease, rheumatism, scrofula, and dropsy.1990 - Bill Atkinson, the inventor of HyperCard software, left Apple Computers along with Andy Hertzfeld, co-inventor of the Apple Macintosh, and started a new company called General Magic. July 12 1927 - Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas were trademark registered. July 13 1836 - Patents were first numbered, changing the way the system of patents and trademarks was organized. July 14 1885 -  Sarah Goode became the first black woman to receive a U.S. patent for her invention of a folding cabinet bed. July 15 1975 - The Detroit Tigers name was trademark registered.1985 - Aldus PageMaker, the first desktop publishing program, was first shipped for sale to consumers, invented by Paul Brainard. July 16 1878 - Thaddeus Hyatt was granted a patent for reinforced concrete. July 17 1888 -  Granville Woods received a patent for the tunnel construction for electric railways. July 18 1950 - The patent for producing terramycin, an  antibiotic, was issued to its inventors Sobin, Finlay, and Kane. July 19 1921 - The name Breyers Ice Cream was trademark registered. July 20 1865 - The Patent Act of 1865 directed the Commissioner of Patents to turn over patent fees to the Treasury and meet expenses through congressional appropriations, restructuring the department again. July 21 1875 - Mark Twains novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer was copyright registered.1984 - The first robot-related fatality in the United States occurred when a factory robot in Jackson, Michigan, crushed a 34-year-old worker against a safety bar. July 22 1873 - Louis Pasteur received a patent for the manufacture of beer and treatment of yeast, which would later influence his discovery of the process known as pasteurization. July 23 1906 - The song America the Beautiful was copyright registered by Katharine Lee Bates.1872 - Jonathan Hoyt patented an improved lamp. July 24 1956 - A patent for an oral form of the antibiotic Penicillin was granted to Ernst Brandl and Hans Margreiter. July 25 1876 - Emily Tassey was granted a patent for an apparatus for raising sunken vessels. July 26 1994 -  Design patent #349,137 for a toy teddy bear was granted to Josef Gottstein. July 27 1960 - The first episode of The Andy Griffith Show was copyright registered.1921 - Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best first isolated insulin, and within a year, the first human sufferers of diabetes were receiving insulin treatments. July 28 1885 - The ready light or taper was patented by John Mitchell. July 29 1997 - Design patent #381,781 for a swimming pool leaf and debris removal net was granted to Ross Clay. July 30 1933 - The Monopoly board game was copyright registered, and Carles Darrow, the inventor, became the first millionaire game designer after he sold his patent to Parker Brothers. July 31 1790 - Samuel Hopkins was issued the first U.S. patent for manufacturing potash. July Birthdays From the birthday of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, the German physicist who discovered branching electric discharges inside electricity insulating materials, to the birthday of John Ericsson, who invented the screw propeller for ships, a number of great inventors and idea-makers were born in the month of July. Find out who shares your July birthday below: July 1 1742 - German  physicist  and  educator Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was known for discovering treelike patterns called Lichtenberg figures. He was known for what he called waste books, which were the detailed  notebooks  that he kept full of quotes, sketches,  and  stories.1818 -  Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian  physician, was made famous for realizing that many diseases were contagious and could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical  caregivers.1872 - Louis Bleriot was  a French aviator, inventor, and engineer; the first man to fly  an airplane  across the English  Channel, and the first to invent a working monoplane.1904 - Mary Calderone was a physician and the founder of Planned Parenthood.1908 - Estee Lauder is famous for founding Estee Lauder cosmetics, one of the most popular brands of makeup in the world. July 2 1847 - Marcel Bertrand was a French mine engineer who founded tectonic geology and formulated the orogenic wave theory of mountain-building.1888 -  Selman Waksman  was an American biochemist and microbiologist who researched organic substances and their decomposition that led to his discovery of Streptomycin and other antibiotics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1951.1905 - Jean Rene Lacoste was a French  designer who used  a crocodile  logo on his Lacoste shirts when he introduced them in 1929. Also a tennis player, Jean Rene Lacoste won the U.S. Open in 1926.1906 -  Hans Bethe  was a physicist  who contributed to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and particle astrophysics. He was the director of the theoretical division at the Los Alamos laboratory and helped invent the first  atomic bombs, receiving  a Nobel Prize in 1967.1932 - Dave Thomas was the founder of Wendys  Restaurants chain of fast-food restaurants. July 3 1883 - Alfred Korzybski was a Polish  scientist who formulated the theory of semantics. July 4 1753 - Jean Pierre Francois Blanchard was a French balloonist who made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel and made the first balloon flight in North America1776 - The birth of the United States. The Declaration of Independence was signed, officially separating the United States from the United Kingdom.1847 - James Anthony Bailey was a circus promoter who co-started the  Barnum and Bailey Circus.1883 -  Rube Goldberg  was an American inventor, engineer, and a Pulitzer  Prize-winning  political cartoonist famous for the Rube Goldberg machine, which uses a series of moving parts to perform simple tasks.1885 - Louis B. Mayer was a motion-picture executive who founded the Hollywood film studio  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and invented the star system of actors. July 5 1794 -  Sylvester Graham  invented the graham cracker.1810 - Phineas Taylor Barnum was a circus promoter who co-started the  Barnum Bailey Circus.1867 - Andrew Ellicott Douglass invented the  dendrochronology method thats used for tree-ring dating.1891 - John Northrop was an American biochemist who crystallized several enzymes and won the Nobel Prize in 1946.1904 - Ernst Mayr was a German  biologist who formulated the biological species concept. July 6 1884 - Harold Vanderbilt was known for inventing the game of contract bridge. July 7 1752 - Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the  Jacquard loom  that weaved complex designs.1922 - Pierre Cardin was a French fashion designer who invented the unisex look. July 8 1838  -  Ferdinand von Zeppelin  invented the  rigid airship.1893 - Fritz Perls invented Gestalt therapy. July 9 1802 -  Thomas Davenport  invented the first completely electric motor.1819 -  Elias Howe  invented the first American-patented sewing machine.1856 -  Nikola Tesla  was a  Croatian electrical engineer who invented the radio, X-rays, vacuum tube amplifier, alternating current,  Tesla Coil, and more, completely reshaping the world of electrical engineering, even to this day.1911 - John Archibald Wheeler was born in Florida, a theoretical physicist who coined the terms black hole and wormhole. July 10 1879 -  Harry Nicholls Holmes  was  a chemist  who crystallized vitamin A.1902 - Kurt Alder was a German chemist who formulated the Diels-Alder reaction and won a Nobel Prize in 1950.1917 - Don Herbert was an American television personality who was Mr. Wizard on a science show called Mr. Wizards World (1983–1990).1920 - Owen Chamberlain was an American physicist who discovered antiprotons and a subatomic antiparticle, and won the Nobel Prize in 1959. July 11 1838  -  John Wanamaker  invented one of the first (if not the first) true department store, the first White Sale, the first modern price tags, and the first in-store restaurant. He also pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods. July 12 1730 - Josiah Wedgwood, an England pottery designer, and manufacturer, invented the technique for making Wedgwood china and industrialized the manufacturing of pottery.1849 - William Osler was a Canada physician who is considered a father of modern medicine and wrote about the circulatory system.1854 -  George Eastman  was an American inventor who invented the Kodak camera and rolled photographic film.1895 -  Buckminster Fuller  was an American  architect who invented the geodesic dome.1913 - Willis Lamb was an American physicist who discovered how electrons behave in the hydrogen atom and who won the Nobel Prize in 1955. July 13 1826 - Stanislao Cannizzaro was an Italian  chemist who formulated the reaction of Cannizzaro.1944 -  Erno Rubik  was a Hungarian inventor who invented the Rubiks cube. July 14 1857 -  Frederick Maytag  invented the Maytag washing machine.1874 - Andre Debierne was a French chemist who discovered the element actinium.1918  -  Jay Forrester  was a digital  computer pioneer who invented core memory.1921 - Geoffrey Wilkinson was an English chemist who pioneered inorganic chemistry, invented Wilkinsons catalyst, discovered the structure of ferrocene, and won a Nobel Prize in 1973.1924 - James Whyte Black was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist who invented propranolol, synthesized cimetidine, and won a Nobel Prize in 1988. July 15 1817 - John Fowler was an English engineer who built the London Metropolitan Railway. July 16 1704 -  John Kay  was an English machinist who invented the flying shuttle that improved looms.1801 -  Julius Plucker  was a German mathematician and physicist who formulated Plucker formulas and was the first person to identify Cathode rays.1888  -  Frits Zernike  invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials; he won the Nobel Prize in 1953.1907 - Orville Redenbacher invented and sold Orville Redenbachers Gourmet Popcorn.   July 17 1920 -  Gordon Gould  was an American physicist made famous for inventing the laser. July 18 1635 -  Robert Hooke  was an English physicist and the first person to see micrographia by using a microscope.1853 - Hendrik Lorentz was a Dutch physicist who discovered and explained the Zeeman effect and derived the transformation equations used by  Albert Einstein  to describe space and time. Lorentz won the Nobel Prize in 1902. July 19 1814 -  Samuel Colt  was an American gunmaker who invented the Colt revolver.1865 - Charles Horace Mayo was an American  surgeon who started the Mayo  Clinic. July 20 1897 -  Tadeusz Reichstein  won the Nobel Prize in 1950 and was a Swiss  chemist who invented a method to artificially synthesize vitamin C.1947  -  Gerd Binnig  was a 1986 Nobel Prize winner and German physicist who invented the scanning tunneling microscope that could view individual atoms. July 21 1620 - Jean Picard was a French astronomer who first accurately measured the length of a degree of a meridian (longitude line) and from that computed the size of the Earth.1810 - Henri Victor Regnault was a French physicist and chemist  known  for his research on the thermal properties of gasses as well as a photographer who invented the use of pyrogallic acid as a developing agent.1923 - Rudolph Marcus was a Canadian chemist who formulated the Marcus theory of electron-transfer reactions in chemical systems and who won a Nobel Prize in 1992. July 22 1822 - Gregor Mendel was the geneticist  who discovered the laws of heredity through experimentation in his garden.1844 - William Archibald Spooner invented spoonerisms, a play on words wherein the first letters of two words are  switched, often to humorous effect.1887 - Gustav Hertz was a German quantum physicist who experimented with inelastic electron collisions in gasses known as the Franck–Hertz experiments and who won a Nobel Prize in 1925.1908 - Amy Vanderbilt might be the inventor of etiquette and wrote the Complete Book of Etiquette. July 23 1827 - Pieter Caland was a Dutch hydraulic engineer who built the New Waterway of Rotterdam.1828 - Jonathan Hutchinson was an English surgeon who was the first to describe the medical signs  of  congenital syphilis. July 24 1898  -  Amelia Earhart  was an American aviator who was the first woman to pilot across the Atlantic; she disappeared during one of her trans-Atlantic flights. July 25 1795 - James Barry was a female disguised as a man who became the surgeon general of the British army.1866 - Frederick Frost Blackman was an English plant physiologist who wrote the 1905 paper Optima and Limiting Factors, in which he demonstrated that where a process depends on a number of independent factors, the rate at which it can take place is limited by the rate of the slowest factor. July 26 1799 - Isaac Babbitt invented babbitts metal used in engine bearings.1860 - Philippe Jean Bunau-Varilla was a French  engineer who helped build the Panama Canal.1875 - Carl Jung was a Swiss  psychologist who invented analytical psychology, known as Jungian psychology, who greatly influenced later works of many psychologists around the world.1894 - Aldous Huxley was the English science fiction author who wrote Brave New World.1919 - James Ephraim Lovelock was an English scientist and futurist known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, in which he postulates that the Earth functions as a kind of superorganism. July 27 1848 - Roland Baron von Eà ¶tvà ¶s  was a Hungarian  physicist who formulated the concept of molecular surface tension and the Eà ¶tvà ¶s torsion balance.1938 - Gary Gygax was an American game designer who co-invented the Dungeons Dragons role-playing game. July 28 1907 - Earl Silas Tupper invented Tupperware. July 29 1891 - Bernhard Zondek was a German  gynecologist who invented the first reliable pregnancy test in 1928. July 30 1863 -  Henry Ford  was an American automaker who invented the Model T Ford.1887 - Felix Andries Vening Meinesz was a Dutch geophysicist who invented a precise method for measuring gravity called the gravimeter. The gravimeter allowed for a precise  measure  of gravity at sea, which led Meinesz to discover gravity anomalies above the ocean floor due to continental drift.1889 -  Vladimir Zworykin  was a Russian electronics engineer who invented an electronic television system. July 31 1803  -  John Ericsson  was an American inventor of the screw propeller for ships.1918 - Paul D. Boyer was an American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner in 1997.1919 - Primo Levi was an Italian chemist turned writer best known for his autobiography, Survival in Auschwitz.

Human Resource Practices With Business Goals - 1363 Words

In today’s ever increasing competitive business environment, Human Resource practices with business outcomes in mind is a necessary first step in aligning business goals with employee motives, a well-rounded compensation plan precedes attainment of these business goals(Martocchio 3). As can be seen by this statement, compensation is a major concern for all players in the business world today. As a matter of fact, if a company fails to properly manage their compensation package they will find themselves being left behind by the competition. In particular, what exactly does being left behind in compensation and benefits mean? It stands that other companies will have an advantage in attracting high performers who can create an impact for†¦show more content†¦Concerning this highly important subject of fair and equal compensation to motivate employees, a fair and equitable compensation system should be free of bias which can only serve to increase profits for a company ve rse a substandard compensation package which can only result in undeniable failure of such a company. By the same token, this can serve to attract employees that can truly make a difference for the company and it’s bottom-line. What is more, a fair system can serve to add to the perceived distributed justice of that company. â€Å"Theories of distributive justice seek to specify what is meant by a just distribution of goods among members of society† (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Notably, if an employee witnesses lower level performer’s receiving higher compensation than their own. Than that employee is likely to grow resentment against the company and its compensation packages. Thus, this may cause a high performer to leave elsewhere where they will receive improved compensation. In particular, companies would want to avoid such resentment because it will lead to a less motivated workforce and talent pool. By the same token, if the employee is an especi ally high performer the chances of that employee leaving are even greater because he or she will value their pay to the amount of effort applied. Hence, if a company wants to retain and keep great performers then the company needs to attract employees that can make a difference through a fair

Third World Free Essays

string(91) " achievement of men and women within a country and also takes into account the inequality\." Nationssocl 105 midterm exam Short Answer Question #1 What comes to mind when you here the term â€Å"Third World†? Most of the people in the United States find it hard to come to terms with the life style and struggles that are associated with this term. The term, â€Å"Third World† was first introduced during the Cold War. During this time, the â€Å"First World† referred to the United States and its’ allies, â€Å"Second World† consisted of the Soviet Union and its allies and the â€Å"Third World† was associated with the non-allied and neutral countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Third World or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the second world war, these countries, who were mostly new to independence, were left trying to keep up with the fast growing world economy. The countries that couldn’t keep up were in dyer need of foreign involvement to help them develop. Thus, the term Third World ‘development’ was introduced. These underdeveloped countries were categorized by their low per-capita incomes, high illiteracy rates, limited development of industry, agriculture based economies, short life expectancy, and were often unstable politically (class notes). Plans to help promote development in these â€Å"Third World† countries were first conceived at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. Representatives of 44 countries met in Bretton Woods, N. H to talk about postwar financial arrangements. It was at this meeting that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and International Monetary Fund were developed. The World Bank consisted of five divisions the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD; its main component), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) (answers. com/topic/worldbank). The two main divisions associated with development were the IFC and IDA. The IFC did its part by lending money to private business in developing countries. With fresh capital, the hope was that these businesses would be able to produce goods, which could then be purchased by the countries people and in-turn create a stable economy within the developing country. The purpose of the IDA was to help out the banks poorest countries by providing interest free loans. As seen in the class film â€Å"Life and Debt,† Jamaica was able to go to the World Bank and ask for a loan when they’re country was forced to come up with money that wasn’t available. This loan request was most likely handled by the IDA. Another institution that was created was the International Monetary Fund. With more than 180 countries as members, the purpose of the IMF was to help ensure the smooth international buying and selling of currency. The IMF met this requirement by stabilizing currency-exchange rates and by providing advice and technical assistance to its barrowing countries. Member countries do their part by contributing operating funds and receive voting rights based on their involvement in international trade and national income. There are many terms that are associated with countries that have not reached an industrial state. Developing nations, third world, and global south are some terms that can be used in describing these nations (class notes). Being a country that is labeled by one of these terms can be tough. If you were a developed nation would you want to get involved economically with a country with lifestyle associated with these terms. This is why its it so difficult for the underdeveloped countries to get involved with the world economy because of their reputation and the biased judgment that comes with it. Short Answer Question #2 One of the main indicators of development in a country is its Gross Domestic Product or GDP. Gross Domestic Product is measures the amount of goods and services produced in a specific country or region. GDP has become one of the main statistics used by scholars to measure a countries development, however, some say that GDP is an inaccurate measurement and that it has created some problems as the main indicator for development. GDP includes goods and services that do not include a countries economic wealth and, on the other hand, excludes things that do. According to paecon. net, GDP excludes three main categories. The first category that has been excluded by GDP is household production. Statistics say that most people spend more than 17% more time doing domestic work than paid work. That means that most of the people in these developing countries are too busy doing work around the house. That includes activities such as house cleaning, cooking, and caring for their children. Are we to say that because these people spend more time caring for their families they are to be penalized for it with a decrease in GDP? Another problem associated with GDP is the amount of voluntary work that may occur in a country. What was once done by a paid professional and accounted for in GDP, could have now been done voluntarily. Therefore, societies with widespread voluntary work may will have a lower GDP but have a good economic well-being. Another big form of income that is overlooked by GDP is the informal economy within these developing countries. Informal economy includes any direct sale activities such as odd jobs, street trading, and most of all the black market. This selling of goods and services often goes untaxed and unrecorded therefore is not included into a countries GDP. Overall GDP overlooks many forms of income, which can result in a misinterpretation of a countries economic well-being. There are other aspects of development that can also being affected by a countries’ GDP. It is believed that the people are the real economic drive to a nation, as a result, the Human Development Index was created. The HDI is a combination of different statistics to help judge the development of the people within a certain country. These statistics include life expectancy, education, and GDP. Therefore, the HDI of a country can be underestimated if its’ GDP is incorrect. The HDI also helped introduce the Gender Development Index (GDI). The GDI is a measure of the achievement of men and women within a country and also takes into account the inequality. You read "Third World" in category "Papers" GDI has a direct relationship to HDI, therefore, if the achievement of men and women goes down or one genders achievement becomes increasingly higher than the other, HDI will go down. The next step in human development comes in the form of the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). This statistic is now related to GDI in that it takes the capabilities achieved by the men and women and shows how they apply them to everyday life. GEM focuses on if the genders become active economically and politically within their country. Because these forms of human development are intertwined, and GDP is included in HDI, a miscalculated GDP could result in a snowball effect causing all the numbers to be skewed. The measurement of Gross Domestic Product has a negative effect on most developing countries. GDP overlooks the presence of household production, voluntary work, and the informal economy within a country; which causes GDP to often be underestimate and the worth of a country seem much less. Short Answer Question #4 Third World countries grew at a rate of 4. 7 percent during the 1960s. The growth rate of the East Asian NICs was 7 to 10 percent. These newly industrialized countries of East Asian included South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. These countries managed to fulfill the goals of the development project and raise their living standards politically, economically and socially. However, they also showed how development initiatives can be very selective and how other countries may not have the same success if the same path is followed. One of the first steps these countries took towards improving their economy was by receiving a healthy amount of foreign investment. A good amount of this capital was directed towards developing facilities to manufacture exports such as textiles, shoes, electronics, and other apparel. Foreign investors were drawn to the cheap yet efficient labor that was available in the Asian NICs, which allowed businesses to keep coming. These countries offered a comparative advantage through their low-wage but relatively skilled and educated workforce. As a kid it seemed as if every toy or electronic that was being used was branded with the mark ‘MADE IN TAIWAN’ or ‘MADE IN HONG KONG. ’ Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the East Asian NICs continued to grow into the industrialized superpowers we see today. Though the East Asian countries had great success following the development project, the result was not the same for other countries in the Third World. The manufacturing section in GDP was extremely low in countries such as Africa and Latin America. By 1972, the Oraganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development realized that one size did not fit all and that, â€Å"the measures designed to help developing countries as a group have not been effective for the least developed countries† (Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective). It was clear that different countries required a plan to deal specifically with their problems. It seemed to be too tough for the Eastern European Countries to follow the same path as those countries that had involvement with a western power. The countries that had once been colonized had hands on experiences on how a country should be run. These previously colonized countries also received aid in the form of export processing zones or free trade zones as seen in the video â€Å"Life and Debt†. These zones where specifically designed to create jobs and give the people of the country the opportunity to earn an income by producing goods for the investing nation. Eastern European countries did not have that luxury. They, like other struggling Third World countries, focused on an agricultural based economy that proved to be not as successful. Every Third world country is going to respond differently to the development initiatives. The path taken by the East Asian NICs may not be suitable for another underdeveloped country. The East Asian path worked for the NICs because they had a workforce that could support the labor needed to manufacture ‘money making’ exports. Again, going back to the movie â€Å"Life and Debt†, the Jamaican workers were replaced by Asians whom were able to get the job done and meet the quotas set by the investing nation. I believe that every Third World country is given the same opportunity to develop and it is up to them to use the resources provided by the world powers to make a change. However, some Third World countries have dug themselves too deep of a hole. In the case in Africa, a massive debt burden has accumulated in the attempt to develop and foreign aid could only undermine Africa’s domestic products at this time (class notes). It seems the more these stagnant countries try to fight toward development, the more they slip toward increasing debt and a permanence as a Third World county. Essay: There are three main theories in development: modernization theory, dependency theory and world systems theory. The two theories that seem to clash ideals the most are the modernization theory and dependency theory. At the end of WW II the world was divided into three main divisions: Capitalism in the United States, Communism in the Soviet Union, and newly independent nations that became known as the Third World. The United States began studies on these Third World countries, hoping to promote development through their eyes instead of communist Soviet Union. Through these studies emerged a new bread of American political scientists who together developed the basis for a modernization theory of development. The dependency theory, however, was created from a Third World perspective. It was designed with the developing country in mind and not through an already developed countries eyes. Both theories have different views on the right path to development. In search for a basis for its theory, the modernization theory became a hybrid of the functionalist theory and the evolutionary theory (So, Alvin. Chapter 2: The Modernization Perspective). Most members in the modernization school had previously studied the functionalist theory, therefore, it became the trademark of the modernization theory. The other aspect, evolutionary theory, supported the idea that Third World countries must evolve from a traditional to a modern society through technology and institutions. One of the main strengths of the modernization theory was that is was developed by the most powerful nations at that time, the United States. The United States had grown to become one of the most powerful countries in the world economically, socially, and politically. Although the gap between the rich and poor in the United States is still great, the poor are still better off today then they were back in the early 1900s. The weakness that ties along with that topic is that the United States assumed that the Third World countries had some form of stability and are going through the same problems that the United States faced in their early development stage, which is not the case. The governments in third world countries are often corrupt and not necessarily looking out for the best interest of the people. Therefore, what may have worked for the United States could not work in the Third World countries who are faced with different and more extreme problems. Another strength that goes along with the modernization theory is that it has worked before with the East Asia NICs. Countries such as Hong Kong and South Korea grew throughout the 1960s and 70s by manufacturing and exporting foreign goods. With the success that Eastern Asian had using the theory it’s hard not think that it could work in other Third World Countries. Another problem that could occur with foreign involvement, however, is that the Third World countries could become too dependent on developed countries to provide them with work. As long as underdeveloped countries are going to manufacture products at a cheap labor cost, developed countries are going to keep exploiting them for their own profit. The modernization theory has worked in the past, however, not all situations are the same and it can cause Third World countries to become too dependent on the core countries. The dependency theory is based around a completely different concept. The dependency theory was first developed in Latin America after the crash of the program U. N. Economic Commission for Latin America (So, Alvin. Chapter 5: The Dependency Perspective). In the 1960s Latin American faced a tough time of economic stagnation along with a crisis of orthodox Marxism. Revolutionists turned to the ideas of neo-Marxism as a to base their dependency theory. Unlike orthodox Marxism, neo-Marxism saw the development issues through a Third World countries perspective. This was one of the main strengths that went along with the dependency theory. It realized that each countries situation is going to be different and also takes into account the historical context of that country. Where modernization says to throw away tradition, dependency says to go with what has worked for your country in the past. Another strength is that it allows for countries to think of development on a more long-term scale. Instead of jumping from the manufacturing of one exploited good to another, you can become more dependent on the goods and services that your own country can produce which can allow the Third World countries to develop and stabilize based on their own best interest and not just working to please the west. However, leaving an undeveloped country to develop by themselves, could have very negative consequences. Everything is worse in the third world. The governments are more corrupt, the poor are poorer, and there is a lack, if any, of infrastructure. It seems as if they are set up to fail if left on their own. A negative aspect that goes along with that idea is, what happens when western influence is removed? If Nike decides to open up a factory in Thailand, they don’t just set up the factory and let it be run by the people of Thailand. The factory is managed by the west. Policies in the workplace are enforced by the west. A factory ran by a Third World country may notice a huge decrease in efficiency, due to lack of experience and ultimately result in them not being able to compete in the world market. Dependency theory allows for the Third World country to develop themselves based on their conditions, however, some of these countries are so underdeveloped that self -stabilization may seem impossible. These two opposing theories have offered ideas to help more current development situations. The World Bank offers loans to the Third World countries who need the economic help. However, you still have to pay them back with interest. A country who supports dependency theory than has to use that money toward building on their own and finding a way to make that money back. A current example of modernization theory would be the current war in Iraq. The United States sent military forces overseas to discard of the traditional lifestyle of the Iraqi people and help move them toward modernization. The ideas of dependency and modernization theory can be useful in dealing with current development issues. There is an on going debate on the right path to development. You could choose to follow the policies set by the dependency theory. Peripheral countries break away from core countries to develop independency and allow for a socialist revolution to knock of the old peripheral elites. Or you could decide that the modernization theory is the best route to take and receive aid from the west and allow for an international division of labor. Both theories have their positives and negatives yet both are reaching for the same goal of Third World development. Reference Page www. answers. com/topic/world-bank www. answers. com/topic/internationalmonetaryfun www. hdr. undp. org/en McMichael, Philip. (2008). Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. United States of America. SAGE Publications. www. paecon. net www. questia. com How to cite Third World, Papers

Four Approaches to Csr free essay sample

Some said that it is perfectly legal while some say that they declared bankruptcy to avoid financial obligations to suppliers, labour unions or competitors. There are four approaches to social responsibility. Draw the spectrum of approaches to CSR Social responsibility is demonstrated by the organizations determination to treat customers, employees, and investors fairly and honestly. An organizations social responsibility is ranked from the lowest stance to the highest stance. The lowest stance an organization can utilize is the obstructionist stance.Moving up a level is the defensive stance followed by the accommodative stance which leads to the highest level, the proactive stance. Firstly, the lowest level of social responsibility is the Obstructionist Stance. In this level, a company does as little as possible to deny or cover up violations. For example, employees breathing in fumes of a chemical spill which is hazardous which led to their deaths. Doctors arrived on the scene to determine the cause of death only to discover that the organization would not reveal what ingredients were utilized in the chemical. The characteristics of this situation led to the believe that the organization took an obstructionist stance towards the employees, environment and the social welfare of the community. The characteristic of an obstructionist stance is the organization doing very little to eliminate the problem. The second scenario explains a situation in which a car manufacturer refuses to initiate a recall on a defective component. The car manufacturer took an obstructive stance since they did not want to admit they were at fault.For this stance, it fits into the criteria of being Economic Responsibility. The business responsibility is to produce the goods and services that the society wants and to maximize profits for its owners and shareholders. In this current society, companies with this stance won’t be able to be gain much success as they are not doing enough for the society. Second level would be the Defensive Stance. In this level, a company does everything required of it legally but no more. Continuing from the case where the car manufacturer refuses to recall back the defective component.After the government and legal authorities interfere in that situation and ordered the car manufacturer to take responsibility, they finally take actions and recall back the defective component. This shows that they took defensive stance. A defensive stance has characteristics in which the organization will adhere to the minimum of what the law requires of them. Another example explains a situation in which an oil tanker spilt a lot of oil on the coastline. They refused to accept responsibility at first which means they took an obstructionist stance. Later on after several court hearings they began to pay for the damages.They took a defensive stance in that they performed the minimum of what was required by law. Another example would be Nike which does produce their wares legally, however, focus towards profit-maximization, and moved their production line to China. The salary earned by the Chinese factory workers employed by Nike do not justify the living conditions and amount of effort put into operating the factory. This stance can be linked to the criteria for being Legal Responsibility. That is, business are expected to fulfill their economic goals within the framework of legal requirements imposed by the governments and authorities. The third level is the Accommodative Stance. In this level, a company meets its legal and ethical requirements and also goes further in certain cases. An example would be a scenario which explains a situation in which the customers of a restaurant are killed and injured by a madman who decided to shoot up the place on day when they were eating lunch. The CEO discovered the situation and took action immediately to resolve the situation. The CEO took an accommodative stance in that they offered to meet the legal requirements as well as ethical requirements. This stance is related to the Ethical Responsibility criteria of CSR performance.It includes behaviours that are not necessarily codified into law and may not serve the corporation’s direct economic interests. To be ethical, organization decision makers should act with equity, fairness and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals. Unethical behavior occurs when decisions enable an individual or company to gain at the expense of others. Eg. Student loan case. Advisor get tips from the money lender. The last and highest level would be the Proactive Stance. In this level, a company actively seeks to contribute to the well-being of groups and individuals in its social environment. Starbucks for example.They are willing to help improve the living conditions of the coffee bean farmers by paying a fair price to certified fair trade suppliers. This will ensure that the coffee bean farmers will not be bullied on the pricing by the suppliers and at the same time motivating the farmers to produce high quality coffee beans. When an organization takes a proactive stance they are meeting the requirements of the law as well as taking that extra step to actively contribute positive changes for the community. There is one company that really stands out among the others when I think of an organization that takes a proactive stance on a daily basis.An example would be the Ronald McDonald Charity Home. It’s special that there was a correlation between the fast food chain and the place where families lived while their children received medical treatment. Ronald McDonald Charity home provides a home away from the hospital for sick children for free. They have one in Hospital UKM. Lastly, this stance is closely related to discretionary responsibility. It is purely voluntary and is guided by a company’s desire to make social contributions not mandated by law, economics, or ethics.It includes generous philantrophic contributions that offer no payback to the company and are not expected. Taking the proactive stance and fitting into the discretionary responsibility is the highest criterion of social responsibility as it goes beyond social expectation to contribute to the community’s welfare. Constructive and honest evaluations. Give and take theory. What companies can do to be more involved with CSR. Benefits of CSR (customers, job applicants, sales growth, profits, stock price, company efficiency). Link it to pre, conv, and post conv of moral development of the management team.